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Recombination P_ion (pulsed)

P_ion = 1.005

Pion=1(VL/VH)2ML/MH(VL/VH)2P_{ion}=\frac{1-(V_L/V_H)^2}{M_L/M_H-(V_L/V_H)^2}

Two-voltage technique for pulsed beams (linac): P_ion from V_H, V_L, M_H, M_L.

Laser